SEARCH RESULTS

Air Dynamics Industrial Corporation manufactured an Industrial Dust Collector for fertilizer company Andgrow Fertilizer. The dust collector was designed for collection of dry chemical dust at their East Berlin, PA facility. ​ The industrial dust collector was installed to reduce chemical exposure to employees, while fertilizers were mixed by production equipment. THE APPLICATION Air Dynamics Industrial Systems Corporation was approached by a local fertilizer company that was looking to purchase a dust collector to provide industrial ventilation of chemical dust at their factory. The client was a local private farm supply company located in East Berlin, Pennsylvania. Andgrow Fertilizers along with two other companies were purchased making Agway, Inc., which was later purchased by Growmark, Inc. Andgrow was a local company with plans for growth, however, the plant needed to be brought up to current indoor air quality standards. THE CHALLENGE When presented with this challenge, Air Dynamics' engineers wanted to utilize a specific dust collector system designed to suit Andgrow's needs. The dust collector design, manufacture, and turn-key installation at the plant were accomplished by piping the industrial duct throughout the production facility while the collector and air mover were installed outdoors. Dust collectors are especially useful for protecting employees from exposure to chemicals and dust in the work environment where the product is being produced. The dust collector was required to collect fugitive fertilizer dust that escaped during ingredient loading, blending, screening, and bagging of fertilizers. The fertilizer-making process starts with loading raw ingredients into a weigh hopper. The ingredients are moved by conveyor belt to a rotary mixer and then transported to an overhead screener via a bucket elevator. From the screener, the material is discharged to a batch storage hopper which discharges into bagging stations. Dust collection was designed into each part of the process per the A.C.G.I.H Industrial Ventilation Manual of Recommended Practice. PROVIDING THE BEST SOLUTION Air Dynamics Industrial Systems provided the dust collector and services for the design, installation, and maintenance of the HVLP or high-volume, low-pressure industrial ventilation system. The bag filter or fabric filter dust collector was designed to eliminate dust using source capture in industrial ventilation, resulting in a cleaner facility. The collector was rated for 13,000 CFM with a pyramid hopper discharging via a slide gate to a 55-gallon drum. The system was designed with 80 filter bags which were 4.5” diameter by 96” long. The dust collection system was supplied with a fabricated inlet box for the fan. The energy-efficient fan was driven by a 30 HP High-Efficiency Motor, TEFC totally enclosed fan cooled, complete with flanged connections, inspection door, shaft guard, motor rails, and outlet damper. The complete electrical hookup was provided including the circuit breaker along with the motor starter and disconnect. The industrial duct was made of Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ National Association’s standards (see http:/www.smacna.org/ for more information), the source capture hoods, and fabricated enclosures were constructed of carbon steel with Galvanized Process Coat Exterior and Interior. Air Dynamics provided offloading and complete assembly of the dust collector, and fan, including rigging and crane erection of system, electrical system, compressed air system, and mechanical and electrical labor. Air Dynamics also to applied for and obtained air quality permits and approvals by the local and state governments- Assistance with Environmental Permit Applications to Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, air quality division. CONCLUSION Ultimately, Air Dynamics was successful with the installation of the dust collector for Andgrow including approval for the air quality operating permits. Air Dynamics fully completed the project while meeting the needs of the Andgrow facility by source-capturing fugitive dry chemical dust during fertilizer production. Along with making the customer happy with their new dust collector, there are specific regulations in place by the state and federal governments to ensure air quality for the environment using the best available control technology. The permits required that Air Dynamics send a plan approval application, general information form, and compliance history form to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. All actions were successful and operating permits were issued. ABOUT AIR DYNAMICS Founded in 1991, Air Dynamics Industrial Systems Corporation designs and manufactures Turn-key industrial air cleaning systems. See what we're capable of online or give us a call to discuss your specific air and material moving challenge. Phone: (717) 854-4050 Email: sales@airdynamics.net Website: https://airdynamics.net

What is Silica Dust? Crystalline silica, more commonly known as Silica Dust is a mineral found in the earth's crust. Many manufacturing materials contain silica dust, such as concrete, sand, stones, and rocks. Silica dust is created when working with materials that produce it. Silica is commonly created when the material is crushed, drilled, sawed & ground. This dust is then exposed to the open air and can be breathed and enter the airways of nearby workers & people. Breathing in silica dust can have negative health effects that can develop into silica-related diseases. In the past 10 years, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or OSHA, has done more to protect workers from exposure to dust and increase workplace safety and health of employees. With the help of new silica dust collection technology, there is a new way to protect your plant and employees from the harmful issues silica dust brings. What happens if silica dust is breathed in? Exposures to respirable crystalline silica dust can adversely affect your respiratory system if breathed in. People who breathe in these small crystalline silica particles could develop diseases such as: o Lung cancer o Silicosis o Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) o Kidney Disease Around 2.3 million people in the U.S. are exposed to respirable crystalline silica while they are at work. What are you doing to protect your or your employees from silica dust? How do I keep myself and my employees safe from silica dust exposure? In short, the best way to keep your employees safe from silica dust exposure is to implement a high volume, low pressure (HVLP) dust collector or a low volume, high pressure (LVHP) vacuum system. Read about the difference between a vacuum system and a dust collector here. At Air Dynamics, we see these harmful dusts being produced multiple ways when we do a walkthrough of other facilities. Many times, these harmful dusts are being produced at the source of the tool such as the end of a saw blade, a grinder, or a sander. For these applications, we implement source-engineered controls, that capture the dust as soon as it becomes airborne. Central Vacuums are effective for facilities with workstations that produce dust. This allows users to connect to a CV system with their own vacuum port, tools, and attachments. Should your production process not need a CV system, portable vacuum systems are also an option, especially if this is your first industrial vacuum system. We offer a High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) portable vacuum system, that could also be converted to a CV system depending on the production environment. To learn more, view our comprehensive central vacuum system guide here or visit our PLECO product page here to learn more about our portable vacuum systems. If a facility operates where source capture is not an option, such as a high production process equipment where a machine produces a large amounts of silica dust and other harmful particles, we can engineer a high volume, low pressure system. A dust collection system using HVLP, can capture and contain large amounts of dust in any manufacturing facility. Using pickup hoods around areas of high dust production, the dust collector captures the dust and filters it using high efficiency filters. Some dust collection systems are built to capture combustible dusts hazards of all particle sizes. After the airborne particles are cleaned, the dust collector system moves the air through an air purifying system such as a filter system and exhausts the clean air to the outside. There are multiple types and functions of a dust collector, so to learn more, visit our additional coverage of dust collectors here. Is PPE equipment enough to reduce exposure to silica and other harmful dust? There are various levels of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) to reduce the exposure to various dusts. If one were to rely on PPE to reduce exposure, a silica dust-rated mask, or respirator with qualified filters would be a solution. 3M & Moldex offers a multitude of disposable masks to limit the amount of silica breathed, but some are not rated for 100% filtration. PK Safety offers a list of PPE that can protect employees from silica dust exposure where a dust collection or vacuum system is not available but keep in mind, that PPE can be an effective measure to minimize exposure & should be approved and implemented by a firm specializing in Industrial Hygiene. Regular testing is recommended when employing limited types of methodologies. The Air Dynamics Way Here at Air Dynamics, we encourage any facility or plant that produces a harmful material such as silica dust to employ the best air pollution control devices they can to not only protect their products but also their people. We offer standard dust collection systems as well as made-to-order systems that are built to fit your facility. We also have our line of central vacuum systems should a source capture device system work better for your application. Our goal at Air Dynamics is to offer premier and innovative products that create a safe, efficient, and productive work environment for our customers. Contact us today to find out how Air Dynamics can help you with your manufacturing support needs. 180 Roosevelt Ave. York, PA 17401 • Phone: 717-854-4050 • Fax: 717-854-4020 • Email: sales@airdynamics.net This document contains information belonging to Air Dynamics Industrial Systems Corporation. Information contained within may not be released to or shared with any individual without the written consent of Air Dynamics Industrial Systems Corp. 2020 ©

Combustible Dust, It's Just Not Worth the Risk Combustible Dust Hazards | Tips for on-the-Job Safety Industrial work in any field has its challenges. The best way to face these difficulties is to learn about preventative measures before the risks become a reality. ​ Air Dynamics Industrial Systems Corporation has over two and half decades of experience with problem-solving in a wide range of hazardous industrial environments. Below are some helpful tips we have learned through the years, as well as links to important articles on workplace safety. Please use this resource to help protect yourself, your coworkers, and your employees. ​ Visit our FAQ page to see common issues we have experienced. For help with more specific questions and applications, feel free to call our design engineering professionals at 717-854-4050. We have the ability to create a tailored solution for our application. ​ Innovation, quality, and expertise. It’s an Air Dynamics standard. Identifying Combustible Dust Factors Many kinds of dust are capable of combustion (exploding). OSHA and the Department of Labor (DOL) have identified five factors that are present during a dust explosion/deflagration: Combustible Dust Containment of Dust Dispersion of Dust Cloud Oxidation Ignition/Source Through the combined effects of these factors, a dust deflagration will occur. Combustible Dust | Pentagram The depth of the dust is a major factor in the explosive nature of combustible dust. OSHA has identified that as little as one thirty-second of an inch (1/32”) of dust is all it takes for some dust to form a dust cloud and deflagrate. This is the depth of a paper clip. ​ Dusts range in explosive capability categorized by a Kst Value. The Kst value is a numerical indicator to demonstrate the severity of a dust explosion. The value ranges from 0 (no explosion) to over 400 (an extremely dangerous explosion). Dusts are captured and tested in specific labs to determine the Kst Value. (EXPLOSIVE INDEX) Types of Combustible Dust Each industry identified below has regular interaction with the combustible material. For each dust, if the proper precautions are not taken, a serious dust explosion will occur. Below are assorted samples of combustible dust categories. More may exist and are not listed as this is not an extensive overview. For full disclosure of this information follow this link to go to OSHA's website and see their detailed guidelines on the various explosive dust. Agricultural Explosive Dust The AG Industry faces many combustible dust dangers due to the usually volatile nature of organic dust. For example, corn dust (75 Kst) is a “small” explosion. However, cornstarch ranks in at 202 Kst! Almost triple the explosive capacity from a very similar dust. Keep in mind that even low-scale Kst values can cause significant destruction. The Imperial Sugar Plant outside of Port Wentworth, Georgia in 2008 was caused by sugar dust with a Kst value of around 138. Though these are only a few examples, the agricultural industry faces numerous types of explosive dusts ranging from egg white powder to hops used in brewing beer and tobacco dust. See the attached link in the references section to view a full list provided by OSHA. ​ Click the photo or the button below to read about the Imperial Sugar Explosion. Follow this link to read more about the Imperial Sugar Refinery Lumber Industry Logging or woodworking produces many kinds of dangerous dust. As with the AG Industry, the dust is organic. Since it is organic we know it has combustible potential. In a likewise fashion, the power of the explosion depends on the material being handled. Wood dust is normally a highly combustible material, and the Kst values demonstrate this fact. Wood flour ranks in at 205 Kst, similar to Cork dust at 202 Kst, demonstrating the capacity for a powerful explosion. In 2015, a wood flour explosion in Bosley, England killed four workers and destroyed the mill in which they worked. Wood flour averages 205 on the Kst scale. This “moderate” explosion leveled a mill with ease. Click the picture to read an article from the BBC on the explosion. Photo credit Sky News. Click this link to read more about the Bosley Explosion Manufacturing Metal Dust Manufacturing metals can cause some dangerous dust to disperse in your facility. While dust such as Bronze (31 Kst) has a relatively low explosive capacity, metal dust can be extremely dangerous. Remember: even dust with a low Kst value can explode with terrible results. Anything over 0 on the Kst scale is volatile. Dust such as magnesium has a 508 Kst value! The explosion that could be caused by this dust would be devastating. A deflagration occurred at AL Solutions in 2010 that resulted in the deaths of three employees and severely injured a fourth. Zirconium and titanium dust, both of which are highly combustible, were located throughout the facility. Poor housekeeping procedures produced the fatal combination of a dust explosion. AL Solutions had three (3) other incidents, two of which resulted in deaths, that were caused by poor design and housekeeping. The case of AL Solutions is a prime example of a preventable combustible dust tragedy. Click the photo to read the NFPA Case Study on AL Solutions Explosion. Photo Credit: US Chemical Safety Board Case Study on AL Solutions Explosion Manufacturing Plastics Plastics are an extremely combustible material. This is due in part to the chemical nature of the plastics. Fine plastic dust such as polyethylene, more commonly known as PET, has a 134 Kst value. A very "moderate" explosion that could level a building. An example of this would be the West Pharmaceutical Services explosion in 2003. Polyethylene (PET) plastic dust built up around the plant due to poor housecleaning procedures. After the five explosive conditions were met, the dust deflagrated and claimed the lives of six (6) employees and injured another thirty-eight (38). Click the photo or the button to read more about the West Pharmaceutical Services Explosion. Follow this Link to Read about the West Pharmaceutical Explosion Manufacturing Carbonaceous Material Materials such as charcoal from wood, coal (bituminous), soot, and other carbon-based dust maintain a high chance of combustibility. These types of explosions are extremely deadly due to the confined nature of mining. This requires companies in this field to take extra precautions when dealing with coal dust. Using water to dampen the dust is a common method, as well as other house-cleaning standards. "Between 1986 and 2010, there were 10 multiple fatality mining explosions in underground coal mines in the U.S" - CDC on Mining Explosions ​ Click the photo or follow the button to read more on Mining Dust Explosions. House-keeping Procedures for Combustible Dust OSHA has identified several critical steps to preventing combustible dust deflagration. The first and most important step is identifying and understanding the explosive potential of the dust you have at your facility. The second step should be a careful overview of current housekeeping procedures. OSHA and the NFPA have explicitly demonstrated proper implementation. Have you located areas where dust is accumulating in your shop or facility? Is this dust being cleaned with a non-static vacuum system or, in permissible areas, being swept and discarded safely? If you have questions about your specific application, don’t hesitate to call our dust control specialists. We have over two and half decades of dealing with all forms of combustible material. We design solutions that are meant to solve your challenge, not just a temporary fix. Whether you’re seeking a new solution or a retrofit of an outdated system, Air Dynamics Industrial Systems Corporation can help you protect your employees, investments, and very possibly your life. Below are links to OSHA's and NFPA resources. It is important to familiarize yourself with the information they provide as it could save your plant, your coworkers, or your life. ​ ​ General Combustible Dust Information: https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3371combustible-dust.pdf https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3878.pdf http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=654 ​ Feed and Grain Information: http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=61 If you take nothing else from this page, remember that dust explosions occur every year, in the United States and around the world. If you do not prepare preventative measures, you are at risk, as are your company, facility, and coworkers. This is not meant as a scare tactic, just simple truth.

In 2016, OSHA rolled out new standards for industries dealing with respirable silica dust. Thousands of businesses across the country will be affected by these new guidelines. Air Dynamics wants to make the task of wading through all the new guidelines as easy as possible. Below you will find definitions, relevant information, and links to important documents regarding silica. Feel free to call us and talk about your specific application. We provide custom solutions to serious challenges with all forms of hazardous dust and material. What is Respirable Silica? Crystalline silica is a mineral found in many materials; both man-made and naturally occurring. When the material containing silica is cut, it produces a micro-crystalline silica dust which is extremely fine. Generally, Respirable Silica is 0.5 to 0.7 microns. This dust can be inhaled deeply into the lungs and is known as Respirable Crystalline Silica. Respirable Crystalline Silica is produced by cutting, grinding, blasting, or otherwise manipulating a material/mineral that contains silica. Prominent materials include general kinds of stone, quartz, and sand; each containing large quantities of silica. Man-made materials like glass, cement, ceramics, and bricks are frequently cited as common materials with high silica-related diagnoses. For a full list of industries, click this link to view OSHA's overview of affected industries. Or refer to the references located at the bottom of this page. How Silica Effects the Body Respirable Crystalline Silica takes on many forms that are harmful to the health of those exposed. Silica's most prevalent negative effect is a disease known as Silicosis. OSHA stated that "Silicosis is an irreversible, often disabling, and sometimes fatal fibrotic lung disease. Progression of silicosis can occur despite removal from further exposure" (CFR 1910.1053 Appendix B. pg. 2) This is a critical factor to understand. Exposure to silica, especially in large quantities, is deadly even after removal from the dust. Since the dust is extremely fine it can lodge deep into the lungs are reside there causing prolonged damage by causing scar tissue to develop. Once the scarring occurs the damage is done. Silicosis has three stages: Chronic - Develops over long-term exposure. While it does not manifest itself quickly, the symptoms usually begin with shortness of breath or loss of appetite. This can progress into varying degrees of lung damage that increase the chances of latent tuberculosis (TB) and lung cancer. Silica dust is a known factor in increased cancer risk. Accelerated - Develops around five to ten years of exposure to respirable silica. The heavier the concentration of silica dust the increased likelihood that accelerated silicosis develops. Similar to symptoms of Chronic Silicosis appears, but in more debilitating forms. Additionally, the lungs can become scarred from the increased amount of dust, and the lungs have been documented to inflame causing numerous other health troubles. Acute - Develops in under five years. Usually around two years of heavy exposure, but it has been documented to occur in just a few months in some cases. Acute silicosis is often fatal. The lungs are severely damaged by respirable silica. Extreme difficulty breathing is common, and lung inflammation as well. It is highly likely that if you develop acute silicosis, you are at serious risk of developing lung cancer, latent TB, COPD, or other diseases related to the lungs. (PHOTO) Above Photo Credit to the Ashe Institute: http://asheinstitute.com/ "In the absence of effective specific treatment for silica-related diseases, the only approach remains primary prevention, i.e., control of exposure to respirable silica." ​- Official Statement of the American Thoracic Society on the Adverse Effects of Crystalline Silica Exposure. How to Prevent Silica Exposure There are multiple effective ways to help prevent exposure to dangerous levels of silica. Many positive steps have been taken by industries that deal with large amounts of silica dust. Examples would be industrial saws and other equipment that have water injection nozzles to dampen the clouds of dust from cutting stone and cement. However, regular housekeeping practices may not be sufficient. The OSHA Small Entity Compliance Guide states companies affected, “must not allow cleaning of surfaces or clothing with compressed air, unless the compressed air is used together with a ventilation system [i.e Dust Collectors] that effectively captures the dust cloud” (pg. 41). Furthermore, “cleaning methods such as dry sweeping, dry brushing, and use of compressed air can cause respirable crystalline silica to get into the air and be inhaled by employees. . .Employers are required to use other cleaning methods such as wet sweeping and HEPA-filtered vacuums” (pg. 41). The OSHA guidelines do state that in rare cases alternative methods like wet mopping or even sweeping can be allowed, but the key word is rare. In most cases, the safest and most effective method would be dust collection or vacuum systems. (If you'd like an overview of the differences between these systems, read our blog post here about the key points and most effective applications). “Each case of newly diagnosed silica-related disease in the U.S. represents a failure at the workplace to maintain a safe working environment for employees. Silica-related diseases are preventable with simple, inexpensive interventions. Today’s rule will greatly improve the workplace environment for millions of working Americans,” - Robert Cohen, MD, occupational health expert and ATS (American Thoracic Society) spokesperson. References: Crystalline Silica Overview: https://www.osha.gov/dsg/topics/silicacrystalline/ ​ Silica Guidelines for Construction: https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3681.pdf ​ Small Entity Compliance Guide: https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3902.pdf (This is a great tool for small business who need quick, but detailed information on the new Silica standards) ​ All Downloadable Silica PDF's from OSHA: https://www.osha.gov/pls/publications/publication.athruz?pType=Industry&pID=192

These are the 5 criteria air pollutants defined in the Clean Air Act: Ozone (Ground-level ozone is the principal component of smog) Source – Chemical reaction of pollutants; VOCs and NOx Health Effects – Breathing problems, reduced lung function, asthma, irritates eyes, stuffy nose, reduced resistance to colds and other infections, may speed up aging of lung tissue Environmental Effects – Ozone can damage plants and trees; smog can cause reduced visibility Property Damage – Damages rubber, fabrics, etc. VOCs* (Volatile Organic Compounds); Smog-formers Source – VOCs are released from burning fuel (gasoline, oil, wood coal, natural gas, etc.), solvents, paints, glues, and other products used at work or at home. Cars are an important source of VOCs. VOCs include chemicals such as benzene, toluene, methylene chloride and methyl chloroform Health Effects – In addition to ozone (smog) effects, many VOCs can cause serious health problems such as cancer and other effects Environmental Effects – In addition to ozone (smog) effects, some VOCs such as formaldehyde and ethylene may harm plants Nitrogen Dioxide (One of the NOx); Smog-forming chemical Source – Burning of gasoline, natural gas, coal, oil, etc. Cars are an important source of NO2 Health Effects – Lung damage, illnesses of breathing passages and lungs (respiratory system) Environmental Effects – Nitrogen dioxide is an ingredient of acid rain (acid aerosols), which can damage trees and lakes. Acid aerosols can reduce visibility Property Damage – Acid aerosols can eat away stone used on buildings, statues, monuments, etc. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Source – Burning of gasoline, natural gas, coal, oil, etc. Health Effects – Reduces ability of blood to bring oxygen to body cells and tissues; cells and tissues need oxygen to work. Carbon monoxide may be particularly hazardous to people who have heart or circulatory (blood vessel) problems and people who have damaged lungs or breathing passages Particulate Matter (PM-10); (Dust, Smoke, Soot) Source – Burning of wood, diesel and other fuels; industrial plants; agriculture (plowing, burning off fields); unpaved roads Health Effects – Nose and throat irritation, lung damage, bronchitis, early death Environmental Effects – Particulates are the main source of haze that reduces visibility Property Damage – Ashes, soots, smokes and dusts can dirty and discolor structures and other property, including clothes and furniture Sulfur Dioxide Source – Burning of coal and oil, especially high-sulfur coal from the Eastern United States; industrial processes (paper, metals) Health Effects – Breathing problems, may cause permanent damage to lungs Environmental Effects – SO2 is an ingredient in acid rain (acid aerosols), which can damage trees and lakes. Acid aerosols can also reduce visibility Property Damage – Acid aerosols can eat away stone used in buildings, statues, monuments, etc. Lead Source – Leaded gasoline (being phased out), paint (houses, cars), smelters (metal refineries), manufacture of lead storage batteries Health Effects – Brain and other nervous system damage; children are at special risk. Some lead-containing chemicals cause cancer in animals. Lead causes digestive and other health problems Environmental Effects – Lead can harm wildlife ​ ​* All VOCs contain carbon (C), the basic chemical element found in living beings. Carbon-containing chemicals are called organic. Volatile chemicals escape into the air easily. Many VOCs, such as the chemicals listed in the table, are also hazardous air pollutants, which can cause very serious illnesses. EPA does not list VOCs as criteria air pollutants, but they are included in this list of pollutants because efforts to control smog target VOCs for reduction.

In our industry, this topic arises almost every time we begin discussions with a new client. Can I use my dust collector to vacuum up debris on the floor or can I use my vacuum system to collect airborne particulate from a process? What is the difference between the two? The answers are simple, and can reveal ways that you can save money by applying the correct technology to specific applications. In the discipline of industrial ventilation, there are two specific types of air-moving systems, ach designed for specific tasks. Several key differences between a dust collector and a vacuum system are essential for optimizing your process. Below is an overview of the critical differences. What is a Vacuum System? Industrial Vacuum Cleaners function on the basic principle of low volume - high pressure. (LVHP). Think about your small home vacuum, or shop vacuum that cleans your car. The intake velocity is up to three times higher (up to 10,000 FPM) for industrial applications. The argument of a dust collector vs shop vac dust collection system shouldn't exist because this requires an air mover with close mechanical tolerances. A shop vacuum system in your facility should be avoided as it can create unsafe work environments for your employees. Collection hoses are typically 1.5-inch to 2-inch diameter by twenty-five to fifty feet long. The air volume required for each user in this scenario is about 123 SCFM. This is referred to as a low volume high pressure (LVHP) system. Click the picture to see our PLECO Page Housekeeping debris is vacuumed from floors, walls, around equipment, and from bulk piles under conveyors and transfer points. A vacuum system with these characteristics, installed as a central system, typically consumes five to seven horsepower per user. Generally, a vacuum system picks up dust via an operator tool such as a dusting brush and transports it through a small diameter hose to the air/material receiver separator. The small hose increases the pressure drop to about one inch of water column per foot of the hose. This small diameter somewhat inhibits how much material can move at one time. The power requirements of the vacuum system depend on the total system effect loss. The longer the piping system, the more differential the pump must overcome to maintain the pick-up velocity. This is why in a central vacuum system you have multiple drops. It reduces the distance for the hose and thus can maintain powerful pickup velocities. Therefore, in central vacuum systems with multiple drops, the factor that drives cost is how many users the system will support. The more simultaneous users, the greater the differential pressure and produces lower pick-up velocity. Vacuum systems are perfect for precision cleaning applications commonly dealt with in regular housekeeping. What is a Dust Collector? The first thing to know is there is no such thing as a dust vacuum, only dust collectors. A dust collector differs from a vacuum system in three important ways: configuration, airflow, and effect. The configuration of a dust collector is a series of parts that operate in tandem to produce safe TLV or PEL (Threshold Limit Values as designated ACGIH or Permissible Exposure Limit for OSHA). The basic system consists of a capture hood, an air mover, duct work, and intake and exhaust ducting. These systems vary depending on the needs of the client, the spacing of the facility, and the type of dust being collected. The most efficient dust collection system is a high volume, low pressure (HVLP) design. This means that the collector is slowly (1500 to 4000 FPM) taking large amounts of airborne particulate, across large cross-sectional areas. Specialized Source Capture Hood for Silica Dust Compare the small area of a vacuum hose that causes high pressure due to the narrow diameter of a hose or vacuum cleaning tool to a dust collection hood. A dust collector in-takes the contaminated air across source capture hoods, some of which can be as large as 20 feet wide by 20 feet high, or in-take ductwork throughout a facility which could encompass specific operations or assembly areas. The dust collector (HVLP) can handle air quantities far exceeding anything a vacuum (LVHP) can handle. Simply put, vacuum systems are for precision cleaning and material conveyance, whereas a dust collector maintains breathable air and clean process air throughout an entire facility. Click the photo for a case study on efficient dust collection Tied closely with the previous point, a dust collector handles airborne particulates and dust in a different approach than a vacuum system. The dust collector can be facility-wide, or a portable unit or downdraft/backdraft table. For details on these types of systems, and how they differ from one another, read our article on dust collectors vs. downdraft tables here. Again remember, the general rule is vacuum systems handle precision (high pressure, low volume), and dust collectors generally do the opposite (high volume, low pressure). How They Differ? After this brief review, it is easy to see the differences between the two systems. A Vacuum is High-Pressure, Low-Volume and a Dust Collector is a Low-Pressure, High Volume. Vacuums are used mainly for precision cleaning and material conveyance, and dust collectors for full-scale facility or process filtration. It is understandable to conflate the two because a user is typically not trained in the application of these systems. If you have any further questions, consider viewing our FAQ page. Or if you have specific questions, feel free to contact our engineers to discuss your challenge and learn how Air Dynamics can help solve your challenge. 717-854-4050

As a business, it is critical to have an efficient process. The goal is always to find the lowest cost for the best outcome. Cruise vessels move large volumes of air internally for heating, ventilating, and cooling, hotel laundry operations, commercial kitchen ventilation, propulsion engine air scrubbing, and so on. A typical cruise or land-based hotel laundry system with nine (9) high-capacity dryers incorporates eleven (11) or more air movers or fan blowers. Nine air movers at the dryers and an air mover for supply and exhaust to the main laundry. For marine air moving applications, savings can be realized by applying automation to these variable applications. However, many air movers (fans/blowers) are selected and applied without consideration of to process. Thus, a fan is either “on” or “off” without the benefit of cost savings. Photo of fan with lint accumulation Now add in the likelihood that the laundry system is not properly filtered. Lint passes through the laundry into the duct work and onto the exhaust fan (such as in the case shown here). Lint on the fan impedes airflow, raising the power output required. This raises the energy cost to run it as well. Not to mention the maintenance required to clean the dirty ductwork, exhaust stack, fan blades, liability insurance for the maintenance workers . . . that's all money down the drain. Air Dynamics Industrial Systems Corporation has designed its own Commercial Lint Removal System - Lint Removal System II (LRS II) to reduce wasted energy expenditure. • 99.9% Filtration @ 0.5 Micron • Pulse-Jet Filter System • Increased Energy Efficiency Additionally, the LRS II integrates into the laundry system, circumventing many of the inefficiencies of the air-moving process. Air Dynamics has been designing and installing turn-key ventilation systems and dealing with fluid dynamics challenges for over twenty-five years. Our systems are already trusted by Carnival, Cunard, Holland America, and other industry leaders. Call us to discuss how we can help you run a more efficient and safer laundry system.

Burnt Dryer Unit: Image Courtesy of U.S. Coast Guard A laundry lint fire in 1998 off the coast of Alaska forced the eyes of the maritime world back to the danger of an onboard fire at sea. Cruise-line industry leaders such as Holland America and Cunard knew it was time for an effective solution. But the first question was, how? Dryer Lint – A Prime Accelerant The standard laundry operation onboard marine vessels contains washers and dryers, with some employing lint removal systems. In an optimal scenario, this would remove all the lint before entering the ductwork. However, this is rarely the case. If the lint removal system’s filtration is not properly engineered, the system will pass the lint into the exhaust duct creating a fire hazard for the vessel. Since the hotel/crew laundry rooms are located low in the belly of the ship, lint exhausted into the ductwork can traverse the height of the ship. And if the lint can travel there, so can fire fueled by it. What is an effective laundry lint filter? A lint filter ranges in efficiency depending on the design. Most filters applied in lint removal systems are effective to 200 microns. This level of efficiency is not adequate for marine applications. Is there a better way to protect a vessel from a laundry lint fire? The first step is to determine how effective your filter is at removing lint. Ignoring lint accumulation is asking for disaster. One spark from a faulty wire, an absent-minded employee, or a misstep from a contractor can cause devastating fiscal losses. Delaying proper assessment due to a monetary concern can lead to exponentially more financial losses from liability lawsuits and ship repairs or loss of the entire vessel. Where to turn? When faced with this challenge, Holland America and Cunard chose Air Dynamics Industrial Systems Corporation. Since 2002, Air Dynamics has been continually retrofitting outdated systems onboard cruise liners around the United States and the world. Air Dynamics Industrial Systems Corporation has developed advanced lint removal systems with a focus on filtering materials otherwise ignored by competing systems. Our systems are effective to half a micron, trapping lint and pathogens and reducing topside emissions to zero. Additionally, the system offers greatly improved power efficiencies that can save thousands of dollars. Visit our website to see the improvements we’ve already made on many cruise-line vessels. Feel free to contact our engineering department to hear about our prior installs and the many ways we can improve ventilation systems onboard your vessel. Fire Prevention for Hotel Laundry - The LRS II This system is the LRS II installed on board a Carnival Cruise Vessel. Filtration to 0.5 microns ensures a clean laundry room and ductwork. The LRS II also boasts greatly increased energy efficiency that reduces overall expenditure. Already trusted by Holland America, Cunard, and Carnival, the LRS II can handle the continuous, heavy-duty work that other systems can't. Get ahead of the challenge, and get the right solution. Air Dynamics Industrial Systems Corporation. 717-854-4050 or visit us online @ www.airdynamics.net

Tips for Operation and Maintenance of Dust Collection Systems "In addition to the ongoing challenge of combustible dust, Pennsylvania feed and grain mills have been under increasing pressure by the FDA regulations to meet human food standards in the production of animal feed." Grain Mill Dust: The Basics Dust is produced from a variety of processes in the grain and feed industry, as well as many other manufacturing applications. Anytime the material (corn, wheat, soy, etc.) is modified, reduced, or mixed dust is produced as a by-product. This dust is commonly referred to as fugitive grain dust. Click the picture to Read a Dust Collection Case Study Dust collectors of all types from cyclones to cartridge filters and fabric filters are applied in the milling process to capture dust. In some cases, the dust is returned to the process, and in others, it is removed from the process as completely as possible - as in manufacturing for example. Make no mistake, dust collectors are not a set-and-forget animal. These systems have a personality that can change abruptly if you introduce something irregular such as wet compressed air or a change in the process it serves. In the case of grain milling, grain is fed into a milling machine from above while the reduced or modified material is dispensed into a material transfer system below for further disposition. Dust collection is applied to the milling common area where the milled product moves to the next portion of the operation: be it bagging, mixing, or storage. How to Collect the Dust, and What to Avoid Let’s assume a bag filter or fabric filter is applied to remove the grain dust prior to venting the air into the atmosphere. Modern filtration equipment is employed to keep the milling machine interior under a negative atmosphere or a slight vacuum to avoid blowing combustible dust into the facility. A slight vacuum is several inches of water column. The full vacuum would be 29.92 inches of mercury. To accomplish this, the filtration system must be properly sized. If undersized, the milling machine enclosure begins to spout dust. If over-sized, no harm is done to the process, only to the pocketbook in initial acquisition as well as maintenance and operating expenses. Filter cleaning for dust collectors can be timer-based (most expensive to operate, but least expensive to purchase) or pressure-based (least expensive to operate, but more expensive to purchase). To begin with, the filter cleaning system must be supplied with compressed air at all times. The air should be instrument quality for all systems mounted outdoors. Air compressors typically deliver air at a 37-degree dew point temperature. Think dry material, dry air, and dry filters. If any one of the three is wet, you will increase your energy and O&M costs significantly. Air pressure should initially be set to the lowest pressure recommended by the dust collector manufacturer. A pressure of 110 PSI is typically too high for cleaning a fabric filter dust collector. Many recommend 80 to 85 PSIG. Over-cleaning the filters due to excessive air pressure will shorten the filter life and other parts of the system as well as potentially create fugitive dust in or around the process. Filter Cleaning in Bag or Fabric Filter Dust Collectors. Recently, we visited a milling operation where the bag-type dust collector was supplied with compressed air (filter cleaning air) at 115 PSIG. A bag filter constructed of polyester felt at a weight of 16 oz. per square yard is referred to as depth-loading media. It is possible to over-clean these types of filters. Depth-loading media is a matrix of media fibers that create a hazardous path for the incoming particle. As material or dust accumulates on the filter exterior, the dust itself becomes the filter. The dust accumulation on the filter exterior becomes the “dust cake”. The dust cake is desirable as it can increase the filter media efficiency. The way to maintain a healthy dust cake is to manage the filter cleaning interval as well as the filter cleaning pressure. The filter cleaning pressure required is a function of the design of the cleaning system. It is determined from the airflow through the system, the size of the system and space, and the number of filters in the system. Use this information to calculate the pressure required. Once established, the filter cleaning air pressure and volume requirements should not change. Maintaining Your Dust Collector: Do’s and Don’ts Replace the diaphragm valves and springs on a yearly basis for timed filter applications and eighteen months for pressure-based applications. Alter these as required based on how the valves sound and perform (from new) when they pulse. A functioning system should of loud concussive sounds. A deteriorating system will have a reed-like noise. Be prepared to replace the electrical solenoids at the two-year mark for timed applications, and three years for pressure-based applications. When purchasing a dust collection system access to the electronics used to initiate the filter cleaning cycle should be located at chest height in the area of the collector, at platform level. Preferably, this enclosure should be located in a non-electrically classified area. Savings for the electrical enclosure itself can range in the many thousands of dollars for a non-classified electrical enclosure! If one of the filter/cage assemblies falls off during operation, the top or clean side of the dust collector will have to be accessed and cleaned spotless. If organic material finds its way in this area of the system it could spell contamination trouble in food applications. Replace the filters on a regular basis as recommended by the manufacturer. Typical applications for fabric filter bags are replaced at one-year intervals. Finally, if the product has made its way into the clean air section for the dust collector, the fan wheel blades will have been affected. Lock out and tag out the fan motor and wipe the fan wheel blades with a rag. A small build-up can have a large effect on system performance. If you'd like to learn more, please click here to view our Dust Collector Page and view feature sheets and case studies about our various dust collection installations and options.

Cleaning Chores When you are young, cleaning up your bedroom is a chore. How many times can you remember hearing the familiar refrain, “Go clean your room”, and having to trudge off to fix up a messy bedroom? The consequences for procrastinating could have been being scolded or grounded. We never worried about our personal space igniting into a destructive explosion. Dust collecting on your bedroom dresser was not going to deflagrate or explode. Housekeeping at work Today, we work in dusty environments where many dusts are combustible. How many of us make the connection between good housekeeping habits at home and good housekeeping habits at work? Look around your work environment. Do you see dust on overhead/horizontal surfaces in your facility? If so, you may have a potential problem. It is up to every individual that reads this to know or investigate the nature of the dust in your manufacturing environment. Many dusts that result from manufacturing are combustible. Over the last twenty-five years while working in the field of industrial ventilation I have personally missed TWO Explosion events. Fortunately, I was in the wrong place at the right time! The first event was an aluminum polishing operation where I toured the facility so I could provide a combustible dust collector proposal. I thought it odd that I could taste aluminum when I left the plant. Hint: if you can taste the particulate that is combustible, the concentrations of dust may be of sufficient quantities to foster a combustible dust explosion. The enterprise I visited had a proposal in four or five days. Thirty days later, BOOM! An aluminum dust cloud ignited where two employees were grinding aluminum. Aluminum burns fast, about 24,000 feet per second. It also burns hot. The clothing worn by the employees melted to their bodies, resulting in third degree burns. The second incident caused an explosion in a PVC plastics plant I was working in. I recall returning a ladder to an area of the plant where plastic dust was piled up like snow drifts about six inches deep along walls and equipment. A year later, an employee lost their life in that explosion. Even today, we as a company are invited to enter facilities where there are more than sufficient amounts of combustible wood dust, coffee dust, P.E.T. plastic dust and many others, yet some institutions continue to operate without safeguards in place. My odds of being in the wrong place at the wrong time increase over time. A plant explosion is a result of an alignment of at least five factors. See the pentagram of conditions below. So, you look at it and say to yourself, we don’t have that possibility here at our plant. Let’s examine the forensic findings of a large plastics facility that was leveled by a single explosion and resulting fire. What does it mean? OSHA has identified combustible dust as, “. . . defined as a solid material composed of distinct particles or pieces, regardless of size, shape, or chemical composition, which presents a fire or deflagration hazard when suspended in air or some other oxidizing medium over a range of concentrations”[1] Critically, the dust must be fine to cause an explosion Are we getting it? OSHA recently re-issued the combustible dust initiative – CPL-008-003. WHY did OSHA have to re-issue a safety directive? The reason for the re-issuance was due to the Imperial Sugar plant explosion in Georgia. One of the plant’s managers predicted the impending explosion. Yet, employees still went to work and managers continued to operate under less than favorable conditions and the danger was plainly visible to the naked eye. In Plain Sight Are you cognizant of the visible signs of danger in your plant or are you oblivious to the potential danger of dust accumulation? Does your plant take a proactive approach to safety or a reactive approach to safety? The answer(s) surround you. Ask or determine the composition of the products your plant manufactures or works with. OSHA publishes a Combustible Dust Poster that lists types of dust and their propensity to combust, explode, or deflagrate. See it here - There is a relatively inexpensive go/no-go test for determining if a suspected dust is combustible. Have your dust tested. If you have determined the dust is combustible, walk to the area of the plant where you know there is a buildup of dust. Look on overhead rafters, bar joists, tops of equipment, crane rails, conduits, pipes, etc. If the dust layer is thicker than a paper clip, it’s time to decide. You are now no longer oblivious to the possibility of a future event that may change the course of your life and others around you as well as the potential for a future event to damage or destroy the facility you work in. Institute a housekeeping plan per OSHA’s recommendation. Verify that all processes that create dust are addressed per the ACGIH’s Industrial Ventilation, Manual of Recommended Practice (www.acgih.org) and NFPA’s Guideline publications for the handling of combustible dusts. See the NFPA website for details - http://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=654 It is a well-understood fact that dust explosions are a serious matter. Dust explosions are a relatively frequent, highly preventable occurrence. OSHA has developed an extensive list of materials that can deflagrate or cause a catastrophic explosion. A Formula for Disaster Dust explosions are not based solely on the fine granulation of the dust. There are five key components that must be met for each explosion to occur: 1. Combustible Dust 2. Confinement of Dust Cloud 3. Dispersion of the Dust Cloud within the Confined Space 4. Oxygen, as with any fire, and 5. The Ignition Source. The combined effect of these five ingredients can produce a disaster. Additionally, a key component to consider besides the main five conditions is the material being handled. Each particulate has what is called Kst value (speed of pressure rise) ranging between 0 - >300, and a P-max value (maximum pressure of a dust cloud explosion) determined by the dust in question. These two figures are used to determine the Explosion Severity Test. Each kind of dust also has varied levels of explosion points determined by the ‘ignition sensitivity’ and the ‘explosion severity’. The explosive index is a set range between 0 - 10. Materials low on the scale are at low risk, and those higher far more volatile. This scale is similar to the Kst and P-Max determined Explosion Severity Test. An occasionally overlooked combustible fuel besides many of the commonly considered combustible dusts like wood by-products, fugitive grain dust, and combustible metals is the plastic industry. No matter the fuel, the devastating results remain the same. The plastic industry has experienced many of the same challenges faced by others handling combustible materials. OSHA has listed many guidelines on how to handle combustible material, but much of the implementation is left to the employer’s discretion. This leaves many tough questions for manufacturers who need to meet shareholders' expectations via the bottom line and at the same time, ensure a safe work environment for their employees and the future earnings of the company. This article will provide a general example of factors to consider when modifying, shaping, processing, blending, mixing, transporting, collecting, filling, or handling combustible materials. Out of sight – out of mind It’s true the example plants above did not have all five conditions present during any one of the plant's normal processes. However, over time a mixture of plastic dust built up layers above the ceiling forming a chemical mixture of combustible dust. Then, one day the plant was destroyed when a small “event” occurred in an enclosure. The event sent a shock wave through the plant, which dislodged the “mix” of plastics in the rafters. As the combustible mix rained down towards the small fire created during the first event the second event destroyed the entire plant. To clean or not to clean When developing a plan to protect your business from a negative event involving combustible dust, it is critical to consider how each element of the five conditions necessary for a dust explosion is represented in your facility. For this article, let us create a mock company, Plastic Co., to represent the do’s and don’ts of the combustible checklist. A common plastic used for varied applications is polyethylene terephthalate (PET) – more commonly known by its family name - polyester. PET has a relatively high Kst value of 156. Additionally, per studies conducted by the Department of the Interior PET ranks 7.5 out of 10 on their explosivity scale. In this article, we will use PET as an example of the product Plastic Co. produces to demonstrate specific ways in which combustible plastic dust can cause challenges, and explore possible solutions to them. Plastic dust is a by-product of the manufacturing and recycling process. When the plastic composite is being machined, heated, and formed, bits are shaved off and distributed on the floor and in the air. The size of the dust is determined by the application or specific operation. This is critical to understanding how volatile your dust may be. Dust that is coarse has a less likely chance of explosion than dust that is very fine. OSHA stipulates that dust that can pass through a U.S. No. 40 standard sieve (420 microns) has the capacity to explode, combust or deflagrate. Below: Dust collecting on pipes & rafters Let’s look at our example of PET to see a specific application. PET dust in certain applications can easily pass through a U.S No. 40 standard sieve. At Plastics Co. the manufacturing facility has high ceilings with cross beams for support, and ledges along the walls. These spaces provide surfaces that permit PET dust to accumulate quickly. The standard house-cleaning process employs compressed air blow down of the accumulated dust followed by a manual sweep of the piles. Although this process is inefficient (herding dust) it is also a high-risk behavior. Dust blown off ledges etc. easily recirculates in the plant and nearby HVAC returns where it is re-distributed into other areas of the facility! Eventually, these areas can accumulate to dangerous levels. The standard rule by OSHA is any plastics over 1/8th of an inch, and in some cases, 1/32” have the capacity to explode. 1/32” is the thickness of a single paper clip. Now the layered dust shouldn’t be cause for too much alarm. Remember, it is the combined effects of the five conditions that cause the explosion. But it is important to keep in mind that most facilities are already “contained” by the walls of the building. Furthermore, the PET dust located on the rafters and ledges is a breath of air away from forming a dust cloud. This coupled with the compressed air cleaning having spread dust around to far corners of the facility has produced dispersion. And finally, the air itself within the facility produces the fourth piece of our explosive pentagon - oxidation. All that is left is the spark from a faulty wire, machine, or careless mistake. When placed in comparative perspective, it becomes quite clear the virulent danger implicit in the manufacturing process of plastics, and all combustible materials. These hazards increase the longer no action is taken. Don’t wait for disaster. Allow your eyes to be the conduit for awareness and your knowledge to seek out a solution for yourself and others around you. Work Cited https://www.osha.gov/Publications/3371combustible-dust.pdf [1] See OSHA’s “Hazard Communications Guidance for Combustible Dust”

Your material handling operation has grown, and it’s finally time to consider updating to a system that not only transfers your product faster but does so without the mess and affected air quality of antiquated mechanical material handling systems. While there’s no arguing that a new pneumatic conveyor system is an investment, there’s also no denying the countless benefits that come with the implementation of this advanced technology in your facility. Curious about how a pneumatic conveyor can help you save money, keep your facility safer, expedite processes, and help boost sales? Keep reading to learn more. What Is a Pneumatic Conveyor? To put it simply, a pneumatic conveyor is a material handling system designed to easily transport granules, powders, or other dry bulk material through a fully enclosed conveying line. This advanced transfer technology involves a flow of gas or air from a source, like a fan or a blower, combined with a pressure differential. Material is fed into the conveyor line, and a dust collection system removes the particles in the air. Unlike other types of conveying systems which can move paste or wet materials, pneumatic conveyors are designed for dry materials like sand, powdered chemicals and minerals, sugar, flour, and food ingredients. What’s Wrong With My Old Mechanical Conveying System? The mechanical conveying system in your facility may “get the job done”, but is it doing so in a way that is energy efficient, clean, and fast? Most likely not. A mechanical conveying system runs in a straight line with few directional changes. For each directional change, the system requires an additional motor and drive. That’s a lot of moving parts! Most mechanical conveying systems are also open to the ambient air in your facility, rather than closed with the added protection of a dust collector. This means that all the dust being produced in the mechanical handling process escapes into the air of your facility, increasing the danger of dust explosion and negatively affecting air and finished product quality. If you’ve ever opened a bag of flour in your kitchen and seen the mess that can cause, just imagine that multiplied by a few thousand, with far more dangerous dusts than flour. Above: Mechanical Conveyor at a facility we serviced. | Notice the excess dust covering the outside and ground. Wasted product and a dust explosion hazard. Another common complaint about mechanical conveying systems is the amount of space they take up and the required horsepower, which can make a big difference in a facility with a smaller footprint. As mentioned before, every change in direction requires another motor and drive. That kind of power output adds up quickly! So a Pneumatic Conveyor is Better? Since material in a pneumatic conveying system is transferred through a streamlined, small-diameter pipeline, there is much less energy needed for the process, and material is transferred faster and with less material lost due to fugitive dust. In a pneumatic conveyor, a custom pipe can be created to bend around the equipment already in place at your facility, so it takes up no extra space. On the topic of space, a pneumatic conveyor also has a considerably smaller footprint than your existing mechanical conveyor, so it may even free up additional floor space. If you aren’t already convinced of the benefits of this superior, dust-free material transfer utility, consider that a pneumatic conveyor has fewer moving parts, meaning fewer parts to replace or repair; that’s money saved in the long run! If you’re interested in learning how a pneumatic conveyor system can improve your material handling process, contact Air Dynamics. Or visit our Pneumatic Conveying page by clicking here.

As manufacturers, our goal is to always provide the top product for consumers or commercial manufacturers to use. We hire the best chemists, engineers, and top safety personnel to train our staff on production protocol, as well as handling and site safety. However, many overlook the very standards we are supposed to uphold as manufacturers. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration continues to uphold workplace safety standards and regulate the hazards of combustible dusts, but as many of us know that is often overlooked by the manufacturers at the expense of the employees entrusted with producing consumer and commercial goods. The same employees work day after day in an environment that they rely on for being safe. Why wouldn’t manufacturers comply, and ensure the health and safety of their employees? One possible explanation is a lack of proper education on the dangers of combustible dust. While dust explosions, or deflagrations as they are termed, have been recorded since the 18th century it is easy to think old adage, "It won't happen to me". So even when a company deals with dust considered combustible, the problem gets swept under the rug, literally. It's an understandable decision. There is an endless string of work and decisions to be made for management, and dust control is just one of the many. The difference with combustible dust though is the complete devastation that can occur. Combustible dusts are fine particles that present an explosion hazard when suspended in air in certain conditions. Usually organic or metal in nature, a dust explosion can be catastrophic and cause employee deaths, injuries, and destruction of entire buildings. In many combustible dust incidents, employers and employees are simply unaware that a hazard even exists, or they simply ignore it, which we have seen in a number of cases. Dust is surprisingly pervasive and lethal. Industries that are at risk of combustible dust explosion hazards exist in a variety of industries, including agriculture. chemicals, food (e.g .. candy, sugar. spice, starch, flour. feed). grain, fertilizer, tobacco, plastics, wood, paper, pulp, rubber, furniture, textiles, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, tire and rubber manufacturing, dyes, coal, metal processing, recycling operations, and fossil fuel power generation. Combustible dust can detonate from as little as the static electricity caused by the movement of particles alone. Many have noticed a trend through the years that industries are aware of the hazards and choose to push them under the carpet. Not only placing their employees in danger on a daily basis, but also the consumer or commercial goods that are produced, the environment around the facility, and the community of which they are a part. Dust-related fires and explosions continue to impact a range of industries and the people who work in them around the globe. Why is the safety of our employees and facilities, not a concern until after a major incident causing death and injuries happens? It is important to determine if your company has a hazard, and if you do, you must take action now to prevent tragic consequences. Even a thin layer of dust the width of a paperclip, once airborne, can be ignited by the smallest spark. Although manufacturers keep to general housekeeping by sweeping the floors and ensuring proper ventilation systems that scrub the air, most manufacturers overlook the build-up along beams, piping, and other surfaces that may be beyond the reach of everyday cleaning. They don’t see it; they don’t clean it. All the more reason for manufacturers to continuously be aware of the hazards that exist and take corrective action when noticed. Refrain from using brooms or compressed air to clean dust. Rather, use a vacuum approved specifically for combustible dust collection. These vacuums must be OSHA-certified “Explosion proof.” Avoid having flat, unused surfaces where dust can accumulate. Ensure your facility uses and maintains appropriate ventilation equipment and systems. Be aware of worn equipment. such as bearings. can generate heat and become an ignition source. Keep all equipment in good condition. Eliminate unnecessary sources of ignition, including heat sources, friction, sparks, and open flames. There are three key entities involved in combustible dust issues, each with its own particular area of responsibility. Although these top three agencies are the responsible agencies for regulation, that doesn’t mean you need to wait until you are the one facing a fine. The National Fire Protection Association sets safety standards, amending and updating them on a regular basis. This fall the NFPA starts its first revision cycle of NFPA 652, the organization’s newly introduced combustible dust standard for general industry. Later this fall, the US Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is preparing to hold a panel examining the impacts of a proposed OSHA combustible dust standard on small businesses – the first major event in its combustible dust rulemaking process to be scheduled since 2010. OSHA’s role. together with local authorities, is to enforce the standards published by NFPA. Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, employers are responsible for providing safe and healthful workplaces for their employees. OSHA‘s role is to ensure these conditions for America’s working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and providing training, education, and assistance. The U.S. Chemical Safety Board is an independent federal agency responsible for investigating industrial chemical accidents. For more information and regulation changes visit OSHA. See our article in October 2016 issue of Facility Safety Management Magazine.